It can be calculated from turnover, plus capitalised production, plus other operating income, plus or minus the changes in stocks, minus the purchases of goods and services, minus other taxes on products which are linked to turnover but not deductible, minus the duties and taxes linked to production.
Alternatively it can be calculated from gross operating surplus by adding personnel costs.
Income and expenditure classified as financial or extraordinary in company accounts is excluded from value-added.
Value-added at factor costs is calculated 'gross` as value adjustments (such as depreciation) are not subtracted.
