the costs of prevention, cleaning up and compensation for pollution are in principle borne by those who cause it. By imposing the cost burden on potential polluters, the aim is to give them an incentive not to pollute at all and/or to reduce pollution or manufacture less harmful products and use cleaner technologies. The principle thus reflects the commonly observed phenomenon that creating financial incentives and cost penalties is more effective than imposing obligations or bans., the principle that those causing environmental harm by producing or utilising energy shall bear the cost of its remedy, i.e. such cost shall become a component in the cost of the product