kestaga ikosaeedriline kaheahelaline DNA‑viirus, mille hulka kuulub lihtherpeseviirus, tuulerõugeviirus
any of a family (Herpesviridae) of double-stranded DNA viruses that include the cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus and the causative agents of chicken pox, herpes simplex, Marek's disease, roseola infantum, and shingles
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Herpesviirused on levinud imetajatel, lindudel, kaladel, konnadel, sisalikel ja sääskedel. Nendest on inimpatogeensed kaheksa herpesviirust: herpesviirus 1 (HSV-1), herpesviirus 2 (HSV-2), varicella-zoster ehk inimese herpesviirus-3 (HHV-3), Epstein-Barri viirus ehk inimese herpesviirus-4 (HHV-4), tsütomegaloviirus ehk inimese herpesviirus-5 (HHV-5), inimese herpesviirus-6 (HHV-6), inimese herpesviirus-7 (HHV-7) ja Kaposi sarkoomiga-seostuv herpesviirus ehk inimese herpesviirus-8 (HHV-8). Inimesed nakatuvad herpesviirustega tavaliselt lapseeas ning pärast esmase nakkuse läbipõdemist säilivad inimese herpesviirused latentses olekus närvisüsteemi ganglionides või lümfikoes. Enamik inimese herpesviirustest on neurotroopsete omadustega, põhjustades ägeda, kroonilise või taastuva iseloomuga perifeerse või kesknärvisüsteemi haigusi.
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Among the best-characterized herpesviruses are those affecting humans, namely herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). Whereas HSV-1 is transmitted orally and is responsible for cold sores and fever blisters, typically occurring around the mouth, HSV-2 is transmitted sexually and is the main cause of the condition known as genital herpes. HSV-1 may also infect the eye, causing corneal ulcers and visual impairment. Both viruses are highly contagious.
There are three known subfamilies of herpesviruses: Alphaherpesvirinae, Betaherpesvirinae, and Gammaherpesvirinae. Alphaherpesvirinae contains the human herpes simplex viruses types 1 and 2, which are grouped in the genus Simplexvirus, along with bovine mamillitis virus and spider monkey herpesvirus. Other genera in the subfamily include Varicellovirus, which contains pseudorabies virus, equine herpesvirus, and varicella-zoster virus (the causative agent of chickenpox); Mardivirus, which contains Marek’s disease viruses types 1 and 2 of chickens and turkey herpesvirus; and Iltovirus, which contains gallid herpesvirus 1. The alphaherpesviruses are distinguished from viruses of the other subfamilies by their fast rate of replication. Betaherpesvirinae, members of which are noted for their relatively slow replication cycles, contains human, rhesus monkey, African green monkey, and chimpanzee cytomegaloviruses (genus Cytomegalovirus). Members of subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, which is composed of the genera Lymphocryptovirus, Macavirus, Percavirus, and Rhadinovirus, include Epstein-Barr virus, baboon, orangutan, and gorilla herpesviruses, and herpesvirus saimiri. The replication rate of gammaherpesviruses is variable.
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