C4 ainevahetuse spetsiaalne vorm mitmetes katteseemnetaimede sugukondades (näit Crassulaceae), Crassulacean acid metabolism, also known as CAM photosynthesis, is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions.In a plant using full CAM, the stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide (CO2). The CO2 is stored as the four-carbon acid malate in vacuoles at night, and then in the daytime, the malate is transported to chloroplasts where it is converted back to CO2, which is then used during photosynthesis.

omavahel komplementaarsed rakupinna ehk rakumembraani kindlad molekulid (süsivesikud, lektiinid jt), mis seostuvad spetsiifilliselt teineteisega, rakkude adhesioonimolekulid on rakupinna spetsiifilised valgud, mis osalevad rakkude omavahelises seondumises ning liitumisel ekstratsellulaarse maatriksiga