in "Narrative Discourse", Genette makes a distinction between mood and voice, drawing attention to the difference ‘between the question who is the character whose point of view orients the narrative perspective? and the very different question who is the narrator?—or, more simply, the question who sees? and the question who speaks?’ Genette uses focalization as a term that describes whose ‘vision’ is presented in the narrative text. (Genette, 1983, p. 186) In Narrative Discourse Revisited Genette replaces the question of who sees? with the broader question of who perceives? (Genette, 1988, p. 64) Perception does not entail only seeing but information gained by all the five senses (and other fictional senses the story might present, like telepathy or ‘spider sense’). (Vaatmann, [2012], p. 12) In internal focalization, the viewpoint is restricted to a particular observer or reflector, whereas in zero focalization the viewpoint is not anchored in a localized position. Further, internal focalization can be fixed, variable, or multiple. (Herman 2009, p.186) Bal defines focalization as a relationship between 'who perceives' [focalizer or focalizor] and what is perceived [focalized object] (Bal, 2009, p. 8).
