a term coined by Booth in The Rhetoric of Fiction (1961). For Booth the implied author constitutes an image of an author that can be distilled from the text, an author’s "second self". "The "implied author" chooses, consciously or unconsciously, what we read; we infer him as an ideal, literary, created version of the real man; he is the sum of his own choices." (Booth 1983, pp. 74-75) The role of the implied author can be described as a set of norms and values [factual, ideological and aesthetic] that actual authors adopt for the purpose of producing a given narrative. For rhetorical theorists, interpreting a narrative entails searching the text for clues about these norms and values, which in turn enable the audience to detect favored versus disfavored character traits, modes and degrees of unreliable narration, etc. (Herman, 2009, p. 187) As an imaginary entity [or set of norms and values], it is to be distinguished clearly from the real author, who may well have written other works implying a different kind of "persona" [or set of norms and values] behind them. The implied author is also to be distinguished from the "narrator", since the implied author stands at a remove from the narrative voice, as the personage assumed to be responsible for deciding what kind of narrator will be presented to the reader; in many works this distinction produces an effect of "irony" at the narrator's expense. (Baldick, 2001, p. 123) Also see narrator, narratee, author, implied reader, reader