Trade and Cooperation Agreements (TCAs) are a category of EU accords with nonmember states. In terms of economic and political involvement, they are the least intense and intrusive, aiming only for the development and diversification of trade relations and the promotion of economic and commercial cooperation. ... Most of the TCAs with the former Soviet republics and the Central and Eastern Europe states (CEES) were upgraded first to Partnership and Cooperation Agreements and later (in the case of the CEES) to Association (Europe) Agreements.